Precise elevations of the points along the baseline should be measured by differential leveling. 3. Distance Measurement Chapter 6 Methods For Measuring Distances •Pacing A quick, easy method of determining distances. Providing all surveying needed to locate and define the contract work 6) b. The leveling rod is placed on the benchmark and a reading is taken. Average pace length has to be known by pacing a known distance several times and taking the average. This book is an attempt to deal with the basic mathematical aspects of 'Engineering Surveying', i.e. Construction plans are prepared showing distances as horizontal distances. In traditional ground surveys, although many angles might be read, the length of at least one line has to be measured to supplement the angles in locating points. Pacing Accuracy attained by pacing is sufficient for a great many purposes in surveying. Replace the ranging pole at station 1 (point A) and move to station 2, while measuring the horizontal distance AB by pacing or chaining. Above this temperature, the tape elongates and provides distances that are shorter then actual. This distance depends upon the accuracy of the instrument but in most cases should not exceed 300 or 400 feet. 32 List two situations where each of the following methods or instruments can be used advantageously for measuring distance: a) pacing: b) odometer, e) stadia; d) taping: e) EDM 33 A surveyor counted the number of paces required to cover a 250-ft distance. surveying applied to construction and mining engineering projects, and to give guidance on practical methods of solving the typical problems posed in practice … Different Methods of measuring Distance. •Odometer Measuring Wheel that counts the number of revolutions which is converted to a distance. Set up the instrument within 300 feet of all points to be surveyed 9) a. Surveying the Forest ... • Surveys, used alone or in conjunction with existing maps and aerial photographs, are performed to solve problems ... Pacing is the least accurate method for distance measurement, but accurate pacing is a valuable asset to the timber cruiser working alone. To erect, with a tape, a perpendicular to a chain line from a point on it: It can be done by forming a right angled triangle by taking three sides of a triangle in the proportion of 3, 4 and 5. 4. 5 Pacing zPractical measure of distance. The tape must be held as close to level as you can and on line while making measurements. Numerical Examples for Errors in Chain Surveying. EQUIPMENT NEEDED: 2 - Range poles 1 – Graduated Tape 1 set of Marking pins A – Determining Pace Factor. A pace is defined as the … The baseline should be as long as the longest distance that will be measured to determine elevations with intermediate points at 100- to 200-ft intervals. Note this distance down in the table (see step 17). • Distance measurement is usually regarded as the most fundamental of surveying observations. Why is it important to know the individual’s pace factor? Can achieve an accuracy of 1’/50’ to 1’/100’. Do this at least twice (once forward and once back), to avoid a blunder; use the average distance as your final result. •It suitable to use in valley, river and area where many Rough distance measurement: Using a Measuring Wheel. Most people won't use pacing to record long distances but it is possible if you have a system (pacing beads, etc.) 7. May 2005 SURVEYING EQUIPMENT, MEASUREMENTS AND ERRORS 3.1(1) Chapter 3 Surveying Equipment, Measurements and Errors 3.1 EQUIPMENT The procurement and maintenance of surveying equipment, tools and supplies are important parts of the Department’s survey effort. It is used in reconnaissance surveys& in small scale mapping. Pacing: where approximate results are satisfactory, distance can be obtained by pacing (the number of paces can be counted by tally or pedometer registry attached to one leg). QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS: 1. Horizontal distances are ordinarily determined in the following ways: Pacing, Taping or Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM). Accuracy up to 1:100 can be reached by experienced surveyor. This article throws light upon the six major problems in ranging and chaining of a line. What relative accuracy can be expected when measuring distances by pacing? Normal practice in the field is to determine this distance by pacing. … Problems 53 PROBLEMS 3.1 Name six methods of measuring distances and list advantages and disadvantages of cach. Can achieve an accuracy of 1’/200’ DISTANCE MEASUREMENT Is generally regarded as the most fundamental of all surveying observations Many angles may be read, the length of at least one line must be observed to supplement the angles in locating points In plane survey, the distance between two points means the horizontal distance 9 In some construction surveys, normally inaccessible distances must be computed. Procedures: 1. 166.67 feet 7) c. 36 degrees, 8 min, 42 sec. Obvious advantage of this method is no need of equipment. Thus the chaining operations are eliminated. Various methods used for linear measurements may be grouped as: (i) Approximate (ii) Using chain or tape (iii) By optical means and (iv) Using electromagnetic distance measurement instruments. Proper care … Correction due to incorrect length of chain Section Measured Distance Temperature (C°) A-1 30.000 14 1-2 30.000 15 2-B 21.151 16 [Solution next page] 15 Example 6.1 Solution FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING 16 COMBINED CORRECTIONS IN TAPING Example 6.2 A 100 ft tape standardized at 68oF and supported throughout under a tension of 20 lb was found to be 100.012 ft long. zVaries with uphill, downhill, and your age. Record distance between points by using steel tape, plumb bob and pins. 8) b. •It is a branch of surveying where horizontal distance and vertical distance can be obtained through stadia line by using teodolite. Work out the length of a casual step and use this instead. The measurements must be made to a high degree of precision to maintain accuracy in the computed distance. PACING - It is an integral part to know the individual’s pace factor as it is used in surveying field to determine the measurement of a specific distance of a course or line. We will now move on with different numerical problems on the concept of Errors in Chain Surveying. zLow accuracy zNo equipment needed Taping (or chaining) View Notes - 1_Pacing from ADU 10 at Adamson University. Field Work can be completed very rapidly Tacheometry is mainly used for preparing the contour plans of areas. Part II Rough Distance Measurement by Pacing Measure, by pacing, the length of a given line assigned by your instructor. Rough distance measurement: pacing. Through the use of trigonometric calculations, the distance and angle measurements are used to establish three dimensional (3-D) coordinates for each surveyed point. Pacing consists of counting the paces in a distance you are measuring. Going through these numericals will actually give you an idea as to how the calculations are done inspite of errors occurring in the Chain Surveying.. Many surveying measurements are made under many different circumstances and conditions and therefore have different degrees of reliability Measurement of Distance The accurate determination of the distance between two points on any surface is one of the basic operations of plane surveying. SURVEYING 1 LAB (Elementary and Higher Surveying) FIELD WORK NO. MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL. ENGI 3703 Surveying and Geomatics Topic Instructor: Prof. Ken Snelgrove Lect 7 - Sept 24/07 Slide 3 of 7 Taping Distance Errors Quantified Temperature Correction: (Section 6.14.2) Steel tapes provide direct measurement at a “standard” temperature of 20oC. to help you keep a pace count. In surveying, the distance between two points typically refers to the horizontal, or level, distance between those two points. Calculate your pacing for 100 meters or 109 yards and check to see if it is the same. 7.7 5) b. He is primarily responsible for the employment of surveying equipment, instrument, and accessories used in the survey operation. The coordinates are then The distance is computed by means of trigonometry, using the angles and the one distance that can be measured. Instrumentman The person whose duty is to set up, level, and operate surveying instruments such as the transit, engineers's level, … Tacheometric Surveying Solved Problems | Surveying Tacheometric Surveying Solved Problems | Surveying by APSEd 3 years ago 10 minutes, 15 seconds 49,635 views APSEd is an educational platform by IIT Bombay graduates. INTRODUCTION •Tachymetry word is derived from the Greek takhus metron meaning ‘swift measurement’. Establish a 100 m straight line on a more or less level ground with both ends marked by a range poles. 1 DETERMINING HORIZONTAL DISTANCE BY PACING (TITLE OF THE 12.1.1 Approximates Methods of Linear Measurements These methods are used in reconnaissance survey or to detect major mistakes committed while measuring with… zDon't try to pace out one meter with every step.Walk casually over 100 m counting the number of steps. Compute the length of the line using the value of your unit pace. In some circumstances pacing may be sufficient technique. B. Surveying Measurements Measuring distances and angles from a known reference are fundamental surveying operations. Tacheometric surveying is a method of angular surveying in which the horizontal distance from the instrument to the staff stations are determined from instrumental observations only. 6. If needed, you could pace another distance to confirm your pacing. Problem # 1. Part 650 Engineering Field Handbook Chapter 1 Surveying 1–viii (210–VI–EFH, October 2008) Figure 1–14 Calculating horizontal latitude and longitude coordinates 1–26 from survey data Figure 1–15 Distance measured as either horizontal or slope distance 1–26 Figure 1–16 Odometer wheel 1–27 Figure 1–17 Breaking chain 1–28 Figure 1–18 Digital laser EDM 1–30 b) To measure an unknown distance by pacing. B. Make the first setup of the instrument at some convenient distance away from the benchmark. Record distance between points by pacing only. •The distance between marks (titik) can be obtained without using a tape or chain. Confirm your pacing by walking back exactly the same distance you have covered. Note this distance down in the table (see step 17). First the person who will do the measurment must of the length of … If it is not the same, average the number to find your usual level of pacing. A. 2) a. Horizontal or level distance 3) d. All of the above 4) a. DISTANCES MEASUREMENT OF LINEAR DISTANCES • BY PACING • BY MECHANICAL DEVICES • BY GRAPHICAL AND MATHEMATICAL • BY PHOTOGRAMMETRIC • BY ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT • BY TACHYMETRIC • BY TAPING DISTANCE BY PACING • Consist of counting the number of steps, or paces, in a required distance. Record distance between points by using steel tape only 5. It is calculated using the trigonometry and the measured slope distance